Weak Governance and Social Cohesion

Weak Governance and Social Cohesion Weak Governance and Social Cohesion and Its Impact on Violent Conflict in the Domestic Politics of India, Pakistan and Afghanistan By Tasneem Winkler Assignment Question: Domestic politics in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan are often marred by violent conflicts. Explain why this is so. It is no secret that the South Asian region is one of the most dangerous places on earth for its inhabitants with over 5000 fatalities in 2008 alone (Paul 2010, 113). Whilst rich in multiethnicity, culture and tradition, internecine violence over class systems, religion and virulent nationalism have been a constant presence in some provinces. Underlying these identity politics is a structural framework of a weak governance apparatus, stemming from initial political foundations laid in the region. These frail multidimensional devices provide conditions for the powerful and urban elite to manipulate regional rivalry for their own political interests thus, perpetuating a never-ending cycle of violent struggle, with an absence of national unity. I argue that a weak foundation of governance structures and an absence of national identity is the underlying cause for the chronic insecurity in India, Pakistan and Afghanistans domestic politics. This essay will first provide a brief definition of governance. I will then explain how the failure to establish a unifying social strategy from the outset, has made it difficult for each state to forge a common identity. Finally, I will show how a lack of national unity has prevented governance structures to be strengthened. Communal support of government policies is reliant on the masses trust in the political system to provide security, services and infrastructure without bias, corruption or self-interest. In exchange, an active and enfranchised population engages together to resolve conflicts without violence. This state device is recognised as good governance. The World Bank defines governance as a series of norms and rules exercised by actors in the development of social and economic structures, and good governance as the mechanisms which operate this process (World Bank 1992, 1). Poor or weak areas of political stability, security, infrastructure and rule of law amongst others, are the antithesis of this definition, and in Indias case has been exacerbated by political actors such as Bharatiya Janata Partys use of agitational politics, to rouse ethnoreligious tension (Ganguly 2016, 124). Insecurity is heightened in all states by the Pakistan military and elites interventionist politics taking advant age of the border and intra-tribal disagreements (Ganguly 2014, 19; Karim 2013, 3; Yamin 2015, 4). As well, the absence of effective law and order mechanisms in Afghanistan continues to encourage terrorism, insurgency and intervention by external powers (Ganguly 2014, 19). Further, the vast tracts of poverty in rural areas, widen the gap and create identity politics between provincials and political elite (20). As a result, this mistrust leads to a disconnected community with hostilities towards each other and the state, not helped when self-interested state responses to counter social friction is often ad hoc (Paul 2010, 7). Thus, the social fabric has no confidence in the state to peacefully resolve conflict and address the disparity between the populations. From Kashmir and Punjab to the Pashtun and Baluchistan regions, ethnic divisions are rampant and numerous. With weak to non-existing policies to foster social cohesion, state capacity to manage ethnoreligious conflict peacefully continues to be evasive. While there is merit to the argument that the irredentist conflict has links to ethnoreligious and secessionist concerns, a deeper examination reveals that in each state exists a fractured political structure and an all-encompassing national disunity (Ganguly and Fair 2013, 125-17; Weinbaum 2009, 76, 86; Jones 2008, 11). It is this lack of social interconnection which undermines governance measures and contributes to a non-extant national political identity. Moreover, the fissures in these foundations can be led back to the formation of the region into independent states. Following the partition of British India in 1947, unlike its neighbour who inherited the British systems of governance, Pakistan was left to its own devices in polit icising an identity (Ganguly and Fair 2013, 124). With the early demise of its founder, the fledgeling state began its foray into state building on a weak footing thus, always failing to reach the potential to strengthen a distinct identity. Whilst India, with its fractured ethnic and class divides, has fared considerably healthier economically (Ganguly 2007; 46), it continues to struggle with Naxalite militant violence in the northeast (Ahuja and Ganguly 2007, 252). In this exploited and impoverished rural area, land reforms are slow in repairing the fractured ethnic and class divide left over from British rule (257). The adopted British systems of governance built on colonial control failed to recognise that transitioning into autonomous governance by the states of a multi-ethnic, multi-sectarian and ethnoreligious society would require a uniform social rehabilitation. Consequently, in absence of a cohesive and unifying political strategy to construct an individual but connecting identity, each provinces capacity to govern their multi-dimensional society was weakened and continues to be destabilising for the state. Both India and Pakistans national discourse grew out of the remnants of British India. Whilst Western nations have successfully adopted peaceful means of conflict resolution, in the South Asian context, a similar approach has failed to construct institutions which allow multi-ethnic communities a collective voice in the national polity. Similarly, the troubled Afghan regions have had too many influences from dissimilar demographics, such as the Soviet occupation through to the US invasion and interventionist politics from Pakistan, to adequately its own develop peaceful domestic instruments of law and order (Jones 2008, 11). The absence of essential infrastructure in rural areas has made it is difficult to summon those institutions for assistance during times of complex intra-tribal insecurity (20). As such, a fissured state apparatus will continue to crack under the pressure of violent conflict. In sum, what the states of Pakistan, India and Afghanistan have in common is the fault line of a missing identity in the formation of their governance structure. Without a collective and unifying governance apparatus, violence will continue to be a solution for a population disenfranchised and isolated from its elite. As shown, the mechanisms to form unity amongst the multi-dimensional demographics of the region has always been shaky due to the foundations laid at the outset. Appropriated governance measures from external societies prevented a unified political identity. This fractured instrument allowed the political actors to show their strength through acts of self-interest, further exacerbating the conflicts. Until such time unity with a national outlook encompassing all ethnic divisions is found, violence will continue to provide results for the political elite in all three states. Combined with the rise of religious fundamentalism, an impoverished and isolated society will cont inue to create recidivist violence to resolve differences. Lastly, the capacity to prevent violent recidivism lies in reconstructing the political foundation and security for each nation. Reference List Ganguly, Rajat, 2007. Democracy and Ethnic Conflict. In The State of Indias Democracy, edited by Sumit Ganguly, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, 45-66. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Ganguly, Rajat. 2016. Politics, Security and Foreign Policy. In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India, edited by Knut Axel Jacobsen, 121-134. London: Routledge. Ahuja, Pratul., and Rajat Ganguly. 2007. The Fire Within: Naxalite Insurgency Violence in India. Small Wars and Insurgencies 18 (2): 249-274. doi:1080/09592310701400861 Ganguly, Rajat, 2014. Security Issues in South Asia. In Europa Regional Surveys of the World: South Asia, edited by Europa Publications,15-27. London and New York: Routledge. Ganguly, Sumit., and C. Christine Fair. 2013. Structural Origins of Authoritarianism in Pakistan. Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 51 (1): 122-142. doi:10.1080/14662043.2013.750064 Jones, Seth G. 2008. The Rise of Afghanistans Insurgency: State Failure and Jihad. International Security 32 (4): 7-40. JSTOR. Karim, Mahin. 2013. The Future of South Asian Security: Prospects for a Nontraditional Regional Security Alliance. National Bureau of Asian Research. http://www.nbr.org/downloads/pdfs/PSA/NTS_projectreport_April2013.pdf Paul, T. V. 2010. South Asias Weak States: Understanding the Regional Insecurity Predicament. California: Stanford University Press. ProQuest Ebook Central. Weinbaum, Marvin G. 2009. Hard Choices in Countering Insurgency and Terrorism Along Pakistans North-West Frontier. Journal of International Affairs 63 (1): 73-88. ProQuest. World Bank. 1992. Governance and Development. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/604951468739447676/pdf/multi-page.pdf Yamin Saira. 2015. Pakistan: National Security Dilemmas and Transition to Democracy. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 2 (1): 1-26. 10.1177/2347797014565289

Negative Effects of Aggressive Advertising Essay

Advertisements are everywhere, traveling by all ways possible, infiltrating the privacy that every person holds important to themself and their family. Ads may travel inconspiciously, while the final message they deliver through radio, tv, or billboards, is a harmful nuisance, and one that may root itself unscrupulously into the unconcious minds of honest people. Companies have taken on such aggressive promotional measures that advertising has become degrading, disruptive, and destructive. One of the most corrupt forms of advertising comes from cigarette companies. Cigarette advertisements are degrading not only because the products behind them are proven to be a health hazard, but because the advertisements are focused toward younger generations. Many advertisements use young, attractive, healthy looking models when advertising for a brand of cigarettes or beer. Company promotions have led people to affiliate certain products with feelings of happiness or euphoria. There is no doubt that people smoke the most heavily advertised brands of cigarettes. â€Å"Tobacco advertising increases young people’s risk of smoking by using themes that appeal to them, such as fun times, action, and being popular and attractive.† (Family Education 1). Ads that supply the Surgeon General’s warning along with the main body of the message are blatantly contradictive. These ads prove that there are many forms of advertising without any morals, and that companies will g o to great lengths to have their name and image promoted regardless of the results. The nation’s companies have put themselves before the children. Visual product promotions may not only corrupt viewers, they may also be financially destructive to the communities surrounding them. A billboard can negatively impact the visual character of the area as well as financially lower the surrounding property values. Local economies don’t suffer when communities control billboards. â€Å"A study in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania found that property values rose as much as two hundred fifty five percent after the removal of nearby billboards† (â€Å"Scenic America† 3). Negative aspects of billboards greatly outway the very few, positive, economic upturns a sign  may provide. Billboards may advertise products from television companies to tacos. A sign that fufills its purpose may only provide an increase in profit for one individual business, but in turn will cause a much greater loss in local property values and visual pollution. Visual pollution is the obstructing presence of objects that do not compliment their surroundings. These include stratigically placed advertisements on roads and highways that hinder the aesthetic beauty of consistent, natural surroundings. â€Å"I do not think the short term gain such signs would bring to my business are worth the permanent degradation to our scenic roadsides or the insult to our citizens and visitors who have come to expect more of us† (Scenic America 3). Yet, the degenerative billboard industry flagrantly continues to defeat attempts at regulation. Once again, aggressive advertising has demonstrated that some companies will resort in placing themselves before the community. Not only can advertising be destructive and degrading, it can easily be disruptive. Annoying phone calls may not be considered a dangerous menace, but they do severely disrupt the daily flow of business and personal life. The feeling of invasion is commonly felt when a telemarketer interupts a family dinner, or disturbs a Sunday afternoon nap. The phone call becomes an intrusive cloud that no one cannot hide from. Missouri Attorney General Jay Nixon said, â€Å"Ever since the founding of this country you’ve been able to put a no-trespassing sign on your property. With the invention of telemarketing, that no-trespassing zone no longer includes your dinner table† (Savoye 2). There is no purpose for an advertising operation so aggressive that it breaches the privacy of the American home. This type of disturbance indicates corporations are stepping over the boundaries. When people do nothing to stop the actions of telemarketers, it indicates that control is lost and that th is sort of aggressive advertising is accepted. It is the lack of rigid control over ruthless telemarketers that implies society has been completely enveloped into a world of infinite, disruptive, worthless persuasion. E-mail has created a new form of quick, reliable communication, but recently has been shadowed by another form of troublesome advertisement, spam e-mail. Spam has increased so drastically within the past five years that it has  created a burden that affects almost any person with an e-mail address. It has even come to hinder the very foundation it was built on. â€Å"The explosion of spam today threatens to flood the critical arteries of the networks that carry all e-mail, whether consumers want it or not† (Wenzel 1). Spam has elevated product promotion to a different level where quantities are so tremendous that they block all potential of decent communication. E-mail boxes are so often emptied without the content being reviewed that the advertising email has already destroyed the opportunity of being effective and now poses a hindrance to the efficiency of the entire world network. Perhaps if the nation depended on a much weaker economy, such aggressive advertising could be relevant even if it destroys the privacy of individuals, the beauty of the nation’s landscapes, or attempts to promote unhealthy habits among children. Some view billboards as nothing more than a harmless structure of posts and panels. Many believe that signs are necessary to provide consumers with the perpetual temptation of newer products. It is understandable that entrepreneurs want to make money, but, morally, these aggressive actions by companies should not be endured even if the economy did make a turn for the worst, and they certainly should not be commonplace now. Aggressive advertising is an infestation of termites knawing at the honest framework of society. Much of the work in promoting products involves a dishonest form of thinking, and one that strives to root itself into the next generation. Advertisements have infiltrated almost every part of the nation and have manipulated the very core of society. Corporations have been to the extremes of advertising, only to create ads that disrupt, degrade, and destroy the quality of life. Works Cited Wenzel, Elsa. â€Å"Spam Wars Get Serious† PC World 2 June 2003 24 June 2003 Savoye, Craig. â€Å"States Spare Residents From Telemarketers† google.com 22 December 2000 24 June 2003 Scenic America â€Å"Billboard Control: Fighting Visual Pollution† yahoo.com 24 June 2003 Family Education Network â€Å"Cigarettes — Don’t Believe the Hype† yahoo.com 24 June 2003

Assessing Of The Law Of Tort - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1977 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Tort Essay Did you like this example? A tort is primarily a civil wrong which is essentially concerned with compensation for damages as a result of the defendants acts or omissions. Unlike other legal concepts, tort aims to compensate the victim rather than punish them as in criminal law.   [1]  Many people divide tort law into three rough categories: negligent torts, intentional torts, and strict liability torts. Torts arising out negligence are civil wrongs caused by negligent behaviour or a failure to practice due diligence. For example, if you are playing soccer in the street and you accidentally kick the ball through someones living room window, this may be a negligence tort. Medical malpractice and other forms of professional negligence are also covered under the umbrella of negligence torts. Intentional torts are torts which involve a deliberate attempt to harm. Defamation is often viewed as an intentional tort, as is battery, fraud, false imprisonment, and interference with the economic operations of a company. Strict liability torts cover product liability; if a potato peeler takes your finger off when you operate it as directed, the manufacturer could be liable, for example. Tort law also covers issues like nuisances, such as noise pollution and loose livestock. One main form of tort law is trespass.   [2]  Trespass takes three forms; trespass to the person, trespass to land and trespass to goods, all of which are actionable per se which means that a claimant does not have to prove damage to bring an action in trespass. The general principal that has been established when dealing with trespass in tort law is that the acts have to be direct and intentional, but if the acts are indirect and unintentional then the action will remain in negligence. There are three fundamental elements when it comes to trespass of the person, these are; assault, battery and false imprisonment. Paul v Mick Assault first appears when Mick passed by on the other side of the street and shouted to Paul Youre a waste of space. People like you should be shot! Mick makes an unprovoked verbal attack towards Paul and then proceeds to threaten him. However, Mick does not say he wants to shoot Paul. At first glance this could seem like Mick is assaulting Paul. The definition of assault can be defined as   [3]  At Common Law, an intentional act by one person that creates an apprehension in another of an imminent harmful or offensive contact. The act required for an assault must be overt. Although words alone are insufficient, they might create an assault when coupled with some action that indicates the ability to carry out the threat. A mere threat to harm is not an assault; however, a threat combined with a raised fist might be sufficient if it causes a reasonable apprehension of harm in the victim. However, as contact was not made between Mick and Paul and as Paul was not in immediate danger due to being on the other side of the road from Mick results in it being evident at this point that assault has not occurred. This is similar to the case of Thomas v National Union of Mineworkers (1986) 2 All ER 1, where picketing miners made violent threats and gestures to working miners who were in buses surrounded by police barricades. There was no liability in assault because there was no immediate danger as the working miners were safe in the bus. A contrasting case would be Tuberville v Savage (1669) 1 Mod 3, the defendant placed his hand upon his sword and said If it were not assize time, I would not take such language from you. It was held that the defendants own words had ruled out the possibility of immediate danger and therefore no action could be brought against him. Both these cases prove that Mick had not assaulted Paul resulting in no liability. By pointing a realistic toy gun at Paul can be considered an assault even though he doesnt physically hurt him. Mick has already threatened Paul stating people like you should be shot and returning with a gun confirms to Paul that Mick has come back to carry out his threat.   [4]  Note that an assault can be completed even if there is no actual contact with the plaintiff, and even if the defendant had no actual ability to carry out the apparent threat. For example, a defendant who points a realistic toy gun at the plaintiff may be liable for assault, even though the defendant was fifty feet away from the plaintiff and had no actual ability to inflict harm from that distance. Paul obviously felt in immediate danger as Mick has caused   [5]  another person to apprehend the infliction of immediate, unlawful, force on his person. This reflects the case of Logdon v DPP [1976] Crim LR 121. The defendant pointed a gun at the victim which caused her to apprehend immediate physical violence until she saw it was in fact a replica. The court held that this was assault. Therefore Mick could be liable for assault towards Paul. Mick v Paul Paul retaliated to Micks verbal threat by shouting obscenities although he was unable to cross the road to confront Mick due to the high volume of traffic. This could be classed as assault because had the cars not been in the way then Paul may have physically attacked Mick. This is reflected in the case of Stephens v Myers (1830) 4 C P 349 where the plaintiff was the chairman of a parish meeting, where it was decided due to a large majority, to expel the defendant. The defendant then became increasingly violent and moved towards the plaintiff saying he would rather pull him out of the chair than be expelled. As the defendant tried to carry out the act a third party prevented him from doing so and the question to be decided was whether the defendants threat was sufficient to put the plaintiff in apprehension of an immediate battery. The outcome was that the defendant was liable in assault because if the third party was not there then it is almost certain the defendant would have fulfilled his intenti onal act. This shows that if the traffic was not there then we assume Paul would have crossed the road and caused physical harm upon Mick. Therefore Paul could be liable for assault towards Mick. Paul believed the toy gun that Mick was pointing at him was real and so he struck Mick on the head with the bottle of vodka. It seems obvious to us that Paul has battered Mick as we know the gun is a toy, however, Paul does not know this and reacts in self defence as he thinks Mick is going to shoot him. The definition of self defence in   [6]  Recent UK criminal law holds that self-defence can be established for criminal purposes if there is an honest belief by the accused in facts which would justify it (usually, that the defendant was about to attack), even if the belief is unreasonable. This imitates what has happened in this particular case. Paul thought he was in immediate danger from getting shot by Mick, therefore he hit Mick over the head with his vodka bottle in order to pr otect himself, and this proves he acted out of self defence.   [7]  Self defence will be a justification to an action in battery if the force used is reasonable and is proportionate to the threat which in this case it is, unlike the case of Cockcroft v Smith (1705) 2 Salk 642. During a scuffle Cockcroft attempted to poke Smith in the eye and in response Smith bit off Cockcrofts finger. It was concluded that the force was unreasonable and Holt LT quoted   [8]  hitting a man a little blow with a little stick on the shoulder, is not a reason for him to draw a sword and cut hew the other   [9]  Force may be used defensively under the Criminal Law Act 1967; s 3 provides that: a person may use such force as is reasonable in the circumstances in the prevention of crime. This means Paul is not liable for battery upon Mick as he used reasonable force to prevent a crime. As Paul carried the unconscious Mick to a nearby shed and locked him in, ultimately lead to false imprisonme nt. This can be defined as   [10]  The illegal confinement of one individual against his or her will by another individual in such a manner as to violate the confined individuals right to be free from restraint of movement. Having assumed there was no other means of escape results in Mick being falsely imprisoned therefore Paul is liable for this action towards Mick. CASE!!!!!!! Right to movement. Stella v Mick As Mick arrived in hospital he became more aggressive. He attempted to hit Dr George but missed and struck Stella the nurse. This brings us back to trespass of the person, distinguishing between direct and indirect interferences. This is similar to the case of Scott v Shepherd (1773) 96 ER 525, where the defendant threw a lighted firework into the market stall. Eventually, after several other stallholders had instinctively thrown it from stall to stall, it injured the plaintiffs face. Although the injury was not a direct result of the defendants action the court dec ided to extend the definition of direct injury in order to give the plaintiff a remedy. Therefore even though Mick didnt intend to hit Stella he did and Mick is now liable for battery towards her. Battery can be defined as   [11]  an intentional tort. The elements to establish the tort of battery is the same for criminal battery, excepting that criminal intent need not be present. For a tortious battery to occur, the requisite intent is merely to touch or make contact without consent. It need not be an intention to do wrong, and the wrongdoer need not intend to cause the particular harm that occurs.CASE!! As battery is actionable per se, there is no need for Stella to prove what Mick did to her. It is clear that Mick has been stalking Stella on more than one occasion by continually calling her and often waiting outside the hospital in the hope of seeing her. Stalking can be defined as   [12]  a repetitive pattern of unwanted, harassing or threatening behaviour committe d by one person against another. Acts include: telephone harassment, being followed, receiving unwanted gifts, and other similar forms of intrusive behaviour. This would make Mick liable for harassment under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997.   [13]  The PHA makes it a criminal offence to pursue a course of conduct which amounts to harassment of a person. A court may issue a restraining order against someone found guilty of such an offence. In addition to the criminal offence, the PHA also creates a civil statutory tort of harassment, which enables a person to obtain a civil court injunction to stop harassment occurring and to claim damages where appropriate. Mick could face a fine, an injunction and even imprisonment. The case of Pratt v DPP (2001) EWHC Admin 483 provides some guidance about a course of conduct amounting to harassment. The case concerned a husband and wife. The wife felt that her husbands behaviour amounted to harassment. Firstly, he threw a cup of wat er over his wife during an argument and three months later he lost his temper and chased his wife through the house shouting and swearing. The magistrates court convicted him of harassment but he appealed on the basis that his actions did not amount to a course of conduct. The court of appeal upheld the conviction but admitted it was close to the borderline. Mick v Dr George As Dr George sedated Mick and sutured the cut on his head without consent would result in Dr George being liable for battery.   [14]  Medical treatment involving the direct application of force administered without the patients consent, or giving treatment different from that, for which consent has been given, constitutes a battery. (human rights act) CASE!! Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Assessing Of The Law Of Tort" essay for you Create order

Critical Thinking and Decision Making Essay - 588 Words

Critical Thinking and Decision Making In the corporate environment critical decisions must be made, sometimes quickly, whether because of changes in market conditions, corporate profits, or corporate performances. The decision-making process is vital to good management in today’s work environment. This paper will examine the relationship between critical thinking and the decision making process, explain what the textbook authors believe, and relate how both apply to today’s workplace. Critical thinking involves the ability to weigh evidence, examine arguments, and construct rational bases for generally accepted beliefs. In order to establish a theoretical basis for studying critical thinking, a great quantity of research has been†¦show more content†¦A good manager does not distinguish between critical thinking and decision-making when working. He uses both to arrive at a solution. It is only when analyzing how to come to a specific decision that he must employ critical thinking skills so that he does not allow personal prejudices, emotions, or stress to affect his thinking processes. According to the authors of Whatever It Takes – The Realities of Managerial Decision Making, the six steps to critical thinking and decision making are: â€Å"1) a problem is defined and isolated, 2) information is gathered, 3) alternatives are set forth, 4) an end is established, 5) means are created to achieve the end, and 6) a choice is made.† The authors say when applied in today’s business environment, the six steps are mostly ineffective because â€Å"executive decision-making is not a series of single linier acts.† It is the interference of many other factors (such as murky information, poor information input, and multiple problems intersecting) that makes scientific study of real-life decision-making difficult. (McCall Kaplan, 1990, pg xvii - xviii) Therefore, the authors suggest case study and specific dissection of past decisions is the best way to learn how to make future decisions. In my field of work (currently training of teaching personnel), decisions must be made as to time management, importance of curriculum vs. methodology, and allocation of skill acquisition importance. In addition, two corporations are myShow MoreRelatedCritical Thinking For Decision Making755 Words   |  4 Pagesis to discuss my critical thinking for decision-making and problem-solving as a professional in healthcare, reflect on the three most important elements of personal and professional etiquette, identify my communication strengths and weaknesses, identify strategies to stay on-task and on-time, and discuss my professional goals. 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